|
ICIE
INTERNATIONAL
CENTER FOR
INFORMATION
ETHICS
|
Articles
& Reports
Last
update: July 29, 2001
Content
|
Okinawa
Charter on Global Information Society. G8 Kyushu-Okinawa Summit Meeting 2000
1.
Information and Communications Technology (IT) is one of
the most potent forces in shaping the twenty-first century. Its revolutionary
impact affects the way people live, learn and work and the way government
interacts with civil society. IT is fast becoming a vital
engine of growth for the world economy. It is also enabling many enterprising
individuals, firms and communities, in all parts of the globe, to address
economic and social challenges with greater efficiency and imagination.
Enormous opportunities are there to be seized and shared by us all.
2.
The essence of the IT-driven economic and social transformation
is its power to help individuals and societies to use knowledge and ideas.
Our vision of an information society is one that better enables people
to fulfil their potential and realise their aspirations. To this end we
must ensure that IT serves the mutually supportive goals
of creating sustainable economic growth, enhancing the public welfare,
and fostering social cohesion, and work to fully realise its potential
to strengthen democracy, increase transparency and accountability in governance,
promote human rights, enhance cultural diversity, and to foster international
peace and stability. Meeting these goals and addressing emerging challenges
will require effective national and international strategies.
3.
In pursuing these objectives, we renew our commitment to the principle
of inclusion: everyone, everywhere should be enabled to participate in
and no one should be excluded from the benefits of the global information
society. The resilience of this society depends on democratic values that
foster human development such as the free flow of information and knowledge,
mutual tolerance, and respect for diversity.
4.
We will exercise our leadership in advancing government efforts to foster
an appropriate policy and regulatory environment to stimulate competition
and innovation, ensure economic and financial stability, advance stakeholder
collaboration to optimise global networks, fight abuses that undermine
the integrity of the network, bridge the digital divide, invest in people,
and promote global access and participation.
5.
Above all, this Charter represents a call to all, in both the public and
private sectors to bridge the international information and knowledge divide.
A solid framework of IT-related policies and action can change
the way in which we interact, while promoting social and economic opportunities
worldwide. An effective partnership among stakeholders, including through
joint policy co-operation, is also key to the sound development of a truly
global information society.
Seizing
Digital Opportunities
6.
The potential benefits of IT in spurring competition, promoting
enhanced productivity, and creating and sustaining economic growth and
jobs hold significant promise. Our task is not only to stimulate and facilitate
the transition to an information society, but also to reap its full economic,
social and cultural benefits. To achieve this, it is important to build
on the following key foundations:
-
Economic
and structural reforms to foster an environment of openness, efficiency,
competition and innovation, supported by policies focusing on adaptable
labour markets, human resource development, and social cohesion;
-
Sound
macroeconomic management to help businesses and consumers plan confidently
for the future and exploit the advantages of new information technologies;
-
Development
of information networks offering fast, reliable, secure and affordable
access through competitive market conditions and through related innovation
in network technology, services and applications;
-
Development
of human resources capable of responding to the demands of the information
age through education and lifelong learning and addressing the rising demand
for IT professionals in many sectors of our economy;
-
Active
utilisation of IT by the public sector and the promotion
of online delivery of services, which are essential to ensure improved
accessibility to government by all citizens.
7. The
private sector plays a leading role in the development of information and
communications networks in the information society. But it is up to governments
to create a predictable, transparent and non-discriminatory policy and
regulatory environment necessary for the information society. It is important
to avoid undue regulatory interventions that would hinder productive private-sector
initiatives in creating an IT-friendly environment. We should
ensure that IT-related rules and practices are responsive
to revolutionary changes in economic transactions, while taking into account
the principles of effective public-private sector partnership, transparency
and technological neutrality. The rules must be predictable and inspire
business and consumer confidence. In order to maximise the social and economic
benefits of the Information Society, we agree on the following key principles
and approaches and commend them to others:
- Continue
to promote competition in and open markets for the provision of information
technology and telecommunications products and services, including non-discriminatory
and cost-oriented interconnection for basic telecommunications;
- Protection
of intellectual property rights for IT-related technology
is vital to promoting IT-related innovations, competition
and diffusion of new technology; we welcome the joint work already underway
among intellectual property authorities and further encourage our experts
to discuss future direction in this area;
-
Governments' renewed commitment to using software in full compliance with
intellectual property rights protection is also important;
-
A number of services, including telecommunications, transportation, and
package delivery are critical to the information society and economy and
improving their efficiency will maximise benefits; customs and other trade-related
procedures are also important to foster an IT-friendly environment;
-
Facilitate cross-border e-commerce by promoting further liberalisation
and improvement in networks and related services and procedures in the
context of a strong World Trade Organisation (WTO) framework, continued
work on e-commerce in the WTO and other international fora, and application
of existing WTO trade disciplines to e-commerce;
-
Consistent approaches to taxation of e-commerce based on the conventional
principles, including neutrality, equity and simplicity, and other key
elements agreed in the work of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development (OECD);
-
Continuing the practice of not imposing customs duties on electronic transmissions,
pending the review at the next WTO Ministerial Conference;
-
Promotion of market-driven standards including, for example, interoperable
technical standards;
-
Promote consumer trust in the electronic marketplace consistent with OECD
guidelines and provide equivalent consumer protection in the online world
as in the offline world, including through effective self-regulatory initiatives
such as online codes of conduct, trustmarks and other reliability programmes,
and explore options to alleviate the difficulties faced by consumers in
cross-border disputes, including use of alternative dispute resolution
mechanisms;
-
Development of effective and meaningful privacy protection for consumers,
as well as protection of privacy in processing personal data, while safeguarding
the free flow of information, and;
-
Further development and effective functioning of electronic authentication,
electronic signature, cryptography, and other means to ensure security
and certainty of transactions.
8.
International efforts to develop a global information society must be accZompanied
by co-ordinated action to foster a crime-free and secure cyberspace. We
must ensure that effective measures, as set out in the OECD Guidelines
for Security of Information Systems, are put in place to fight cyber-crime.
G8 co-operation within the framework of the Lyon Group on Transnational
Organised Crime will be enhanced. We will further promote dialogue with
industry, building on the success of the recent G8 Paris Conference "A
Government/Industry Dialogue on Safety and Confidence in Cyberspace". Urgent
security issues such as hacking and viruses also require effective policy
responses. We will continue to engage industry and other stakeholders to
protect critical information infrastructures.
Bridging
the Digital Divide
9.
Bridging the digital divide in and among countries has assumed a critical
importance on our respective national agendas. Everyone should be able
to enjoy access to information and communications networks. We reaffirm
our commitment to the efforts underway to formulate and implement a coherent
strategy to address this issue. We also welcome the increasing recognition
on the part of industry and civil society of the need to bridge the divide.
Mobilising their expertise and resources is an indispensable element of
our response to this challenge. We will continue to pursue an effective
partnership between government and civil societies responsive to the rapid
pace of technological and market developments.
10.
A key component of our strategy must be the continued drive toward universal
and affordable access. We will continue to:
-
Foster
market conditions conducive to the provision of affordable communications
services;
-
Explore
other complementary means, including access through publicly available
facilities;
-
Give priority
to improving network access, especially in underserved urban, rural and
remote areas;
-
Pay particular
attention to the needs and constraints of the socially under-privileged,
people with disabilities, and older persons and actively pursue measures
to facilitate their access and use;
-
Encourage
further development of "user-friendly", "barrier-free" technologies, including
mobile access to the Internet, as well as greater utilisation of free and
publicly available contents in a way which respects intellectual property
rights.
11.The
policies for the advancement of the Information Society must be underpinned
by the development of human resources capable of responding to the demands
of the information age. We are committed to provide all our citizens with
an opportunity to nurture IT literacy and skills through
education, lifelong learning and training. We will continue to work toward
this ambitious goal by getting schools, classrooms and libraries online
and teachers skilled in IT and multimedia resources. Measures
aiming to offer support and incentives for small-to-medium-sized enterprises
and the self-employed to get online and use the Internet effectively will
also be pursued. We will also encourage the use of IT to
offer innovative lifelong learning opportunities, particularly to those
who otherwise could not access education and training.
Promoting
Global Participation
12.
IT represents a tremendous opportunity for emerging and developing
economies. Countries that succeed in harnessing its potential can look
forward to leapfrogging conventional obstacles of infrastructural development,
to meeting more effectively their vital development goals, such as poverty
reduction, health, sanitation, and education, and to benefiting from the
rapid growth of global e-commerce. Some developing countries have already
made significant progress in these areas.
13.
The challenge of bridging the international information and knowledge divide
cannot, however, be underestimated. We recognise the priority being given
to this by many developing countries. Indeed, those developing countries
which fail to keep up with the accelerating pace of IT innovation
may not have the opportunity to participate fully in the information society
and economy. This is particularly so where the existing gaps in terms of
basic economic and social infrastructures, such as electricity, telecommunications
and education, deter the diffusion of IT.
14.
In responding to this challenge, we recognise that the diverse conditions
and needs of the developing countries should be taken into account. There
is no "one-size-fits-all" solution. It is critically important for developing
countries to take ownership through the adoption of coherent national strategies
to: build an IT-friendly, pro-competitive policy and regulatory
environment; exploit IT in pursuit of development goals and
social cohesion; develop human resources endowed with IT
skills; and encourage community initiatives and indigenous entrepreneurship.
The
Way Forward
15
Efforts to bridge the international divide, as in our societies, crucially
depend on effective collaboration among all stakeholders. Bilateral and
multilateral assistance will continue to play a significant role in building
the framework conditions for IT development. International
Financial Institutions (IFIs), including Multilateral Development Banks
(MDBs), particularly the World Bank, are well placed to contribute in this
regard by formulating and implementing programmes that foster growth, benefit
the poor, as well as expand connectivity, access and training. The International
Telecommunications Union (ITU), the United Nations Conference on Trade
and Development (UNCTAD) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
and other relevant international fora, also have an important role to play.
The private sector remains a central actor driving IT forward
in developing countries and can contribute significantly to the international
efforts to bridge the digital divide. NGOs, with their unique ability to
reach grassroots areas, can usefully contribute to human resource and community
development. IT, in short, is global in dimension, and thus
requires a global response.
16.
We welcome efforts already underway to bridge the international digital
divide through bilateral development aid and by international organisations
and private groups. We also welcome contributions from the private sector,
such as those of the Global Digital Divide Initiative of the World Economic
Forum (WEF), the Global Business Dialogue on E-Commerce (GBDe), and the
Global Forum.
17.
As highlighted by the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Ministerial
Declaration on the role of IT in the context of a knowledge-based
global economy, there is a need for greater international dialogue and
collaboration to improve the effectiveness of IT-related
programmes and projects with developing countries, and to bring together
the "best practices" and mobilise the resources available from all stakeholders
to help close the digital divide. The G8 will seek to promote the creation
of a stronger partnership among developed and developing countries, civil
society including private firms and NGOs, foundations and academic institutions,
and international organisations. We will also work to see that developing
countries can, in partnership with other stakeholders, be provided with
financial, technical and policy input in order to create a better environment
for, and use of, IT.
18.
We agree to establish a Digital Opportunity Taskforce (dot force) with
a view to integrating our efforts into a broader international approach.
To this end, the dot force will convene as soon as possible to explore
how best to secure participation of stakeholders. This high-level Taskforce,
in close consultation with other partners and in a manner responsive to
the needs of developing countries, will:
-
Actively
facilitate discussions with developing countries, international organisations
and other stakeholders to promote international co-operation with a view
to fostering policy, regulatory and network readiness; improving connectivity,
increasing access and lowering cost; building human capacity; and encouraging
participation in global e-commerce networks;
-
Encourage
the G8's own efforts to co-operate on IT-related pilot programmes and projects;
-
Promote
closer policy dialogue among partners and work to raise global public awareness
of the challenges and opportunities;
-
Examine
inputs from the private sector and other interested groups such as the
Global Digital Divide Initiative's contributions;
-
Report
its findings and activities to our personal representatives before our
next meeting in Genoa.
19. In
pursuit of these objectives, the dot force will look for ways to take concrete
steps on the priorities identified below:
-
Fostering
policy, regulatory and network readiness:
-
supporting policy advice and local capacity building, to promote a pro-competitive,
flexible and socially inclusive policy and regulatory environment;
-
facilitating the sharing of experience between developing countries and
other partners;
-
encouraging more effective and greater utilisation of IT in development
efforts encompassing such broad areas as poverty reduction, education,
public health, and culture;
-
promoting good governance, including exploration of new methods of inclusive
policy development;
-
supporting efforts of MDBs and other international organisations to pool
intellectual and financial resources in the context of co-operation programmes
such as InfoDev;
-
Improving
connectivity, increasing access and lowering cost:
-
mobilising resources to improve information and communications infrastructure,
with a particular emphasis on a "partnership" approach involving governments,
international organisations, the private sector, and NGOs;
-
working on ways to reduce the cost of connectivity for developing countries;
-
supporting community access programmes;
-
encouraging research and development on technology and applications adapted
to specific requirements in developing countries;
-
improving interoperability of networks, services, and applications;
-
encouraging the production of locally relevant and informative content
including in the development of the content in various mother tongues.
-
Building
human capacity:
-
focusing on basic education as well as increased opportunities for life-long
learning, with a particular emphasis on development of IT skills;
-
assisting the development of a pool of trained professionals in IT and
other relevant policy areas and regulatory matters;
-
developing innovative approaches to extend the traditional reach of technical
assistance, including distance learning and community-based training;
-
networking of public institutions and communities, including schools, research
centres and universities.
-
Encouraging
participation in global e-commerce networks:
-
assessing and increasing e-commerce readiness and use, through provision
of advice to start-up businesses in developing countries, and through mobilisation
of resources to help businesses to use IT to improve their efficiency and
access to new markets.
-
ensuring that the "rules of the game" as they are emerging are consistent
with development efforts, and building developing country capacity to play
a constructive role in determining these rules.
|
World
Information and Communication Report 1999-2000
The
full text version of UNESCO's World Information and Communication Report
1999-2000 is now on-line
available at UNESCO's WebWorld. The report's 18 articles give an account on the development of information and communication technologies and their sociocultural impacts. The report includes the discussion of themes such as freedom of the media, the role of public-service broadcasting and editorial independence. It also discusses the use of the Internet in education, cultural pluralism, worldwide access to information resources, challenges to the intellectual property and censorship on the Internet.
World
Communication and Information is also available in PDF format
UNESCO's
World Information and Communication Report addresses the impact of information
and communication technologies on human development and the role that governments
should play in this respect. Regional chapters examine to what extent telecommunications,
computers and the Internet reach developed and developing countries, urban and rural areas, literates and illiterates, the rich and the poor.
World
Communication and Information Report 1999-2000 . - UNESCO: Paris, 1999
300pp.,
1999, 29,7 x 21 cm, ISBN 92-3-103611-4, 250 FF
WIPO
presents its 'Digital Agenda'
The
UNESCO Observatory on the Information Society annouces in its Newsletter
(October 1, 1999):
Intellectual
Property WIPO outlines its 'Digital Agenda'
The Director General of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Dr. Kamil Idris, wrapped up the International Conference on Electronic Commerce and Intellectual
Property by presenting a nine-point plan that sets out a Digital Agenda
for WIPO.
http://www.unesco.org/webworld/observatory
/in_focus/280999_index.html#wipo_fr
The nine-point plan is available at:
http://ecommerce.wipo.int/press/pr99-185.html
Internet
Content Summit
Munich
- September 9-11, 1999
The project of "Self Regulation on Internet Content" deals with the problem of harmful and illegal content and the protection of minors on the Internet.The Internet Content Summit was the first milestone in the
implementation of an international self-regulatory system. The summit
brought together over 300 decision-makers and key experts from politics,
Internet industry, media and the user community.
The Bertelsmann Foundation, organizer and founder in cooperation with INCORE (Internet Content Rating for Europe) presented the "Memorandum on Self-Regulation of Internet Content". It contains practical recommendations for governments, industry, and users to work together in developing a new culture of responsibility on the Internet. By next summer an advisory board will make recommendations to ICRA, the newly formed Internet Content Rating Association, to push forward content control tools for Net users, primarily by encouraging Web publishers around the world to rate their sites so surfers can omit content
they find undesirable.
The MEMORANDUM is available in
English:
http://www.stiftung.bertelsmann.de/internetcontent/
english/content/c2220.htm
German:
http://www.stiftung.bertelsmann.de/internetcontent/
deutsch/content/c2220.htm
Human
Development Report 1999
United
Nations Development Programm
UNDP
Portable
Document Format (PDF) files of this report
can be downloaded using the Adobe
Acrobat Reader.
Contents:
1.
Human development in this age of globalization
2.
New technologies and the global race for knowledge
3.
The invisible heart - care and the global economy
4.
National responses to make globalization work for human development
5.
Reinventing global governance - for humanity and equity
Special
Contributions:
Ten
years of human development Paul Streeten
Assessing
human development Amartya Sen
Partnership
with the United Nations Ted Turner
Boxes,
Annex Tables, Figures, Human Development Indicators
From
the Overview:
"New
information and communications technologies are driving globalization -
but polarizing the world into the connected and the isolated.
With the costs of communications plummeting and innovative tools easier to use, people around the world have burst indo conversation using the Internet, mobile phones and fax machines. The fastest-growing communications tool ever, the Internet hat more than 140 millio users in mid-1998, a number never expected to pass 700 million by 2001.
Communications networks can foster great advances in health and education. They can also empower small players. The previously unheard voices of NGOs helped halt the secretive OECD negotiations for the Multilateral Agreement on Investment, called for corporate accountability and created a support for marginal communities. Barriers of size, time and distance are coming down for small businesses, for governments of poor countries, for remote academics and specialists.
Information
and communications technology can also open a fast track to knowledge-based growth - a track followed by India's software exports, Ireland's computing services and the Eastern Caribbean's data processing.
Despite
the potential for development, the Internet poses severe problems of access
and exclusion. Who was in the loop in 1998?
.
Geography divides. Thailand has more cellular phones than Africa.
South Asia, home to 23% of the world's people, has less than 1% of Internet
users.
.
Education is a ticket to the network high society. Globally, 30%
of users had at least one university degree.
.
Income buys access. To purchase a computer would cost the average
Bangladeshi more than eight years' income, the average American, just one
month's wage.
.
Men and youth dominate. Women make up just 17% of the Internet users
in Japan, only 7% in China. Most users in Chine and the United Kingdom
are under 30.
.
English talks. English prevails in almost 80% of all Websites, yet
less than one in 10 people worldwide speaks it.
This
exclusivity is creating parallel worlds. Those with income, education and
- literally - connections have cheap and instantaneous access to information.
The rest are left with uncertain, slow and costly access. When people in
these two worlds live and compete side by side, the advantage of being
connected will overpower the marginal and impoverished, cutting off their
voices and concerns from the global conversation.
This
risk of marginalization does not have to be a reason for despair. It should
be a call to action for:
.
More connectivity: setting up telecommunications and computer hardware.
.
More community: focusing on group access, not just individual ownership.
.
More capacity: building human skills for the knowledge society.
.
More content: putting local views, news, culture and commerce on
the Web.
.
More creativity: adapting technology to local needs and opportunities.
.
More collaboration: developing Internet governance to accommodate
diversie national needs.
.
More cash: finding innovative ways to fund the knowledge society everywhere."
From
Chapter 2: New technologies and the global race for knowledge
"The
global gap between haves and have-nots, between know and know-nots, is
widening:
.
In private research agendas money talks louder than need.
.
Tightened intellectual property rights keep developing countries out of
the knowledge sector.
.
Patent laws do not recognize traditional knowledge and systems of ownership.
.
The rush and push of commercial interests protect profits, not people,
despite the risks in the new technologies. (...)
But
strong policy action is needed nationally and internationally to ensure
that the new rules of globalization are framed to turn the new technologies
towards people's needs. Thus questions need to be asked on how it is used.
Does the control, direction and use of technology:
.
Promote innovation and sharing of knowledge?
.
Restore social balance or concentrate power in the hands of a few?
.
Favour profits or precaution?
.
Bring benefits for the many or profits for the few?
.
Respect diverse systems of property ownership?
.
Empower or disempower people?
.
Make technology accessible to those who need it?
Global
governance of technology must respect and encompass diverse needs and cultures.
Public investment - through new funding - is essential to develop products
and systems for poor people and countries. Precaution is needed in exploring
new applications, no matter how great their commercial promise. Only then
will the rules of globalization allow technological breakthroughs to be
steered to the needs of people, not just profits."
IEEE
Transactions on Professional Communication
Special
Issue on: Communication as a Social Construct
within
an Information Society
Call
for Papers
Contributions
may deal with but are not limited to:
Communicating
amongst stakeholders.
New
forms of communication in the global information society.
Communication
structures in networked organisations.
Ethical
issues in information system development, implementation and operation.
Accomodating
stakeholder interests, setting priorities and managing conflict through
communication.
Strategy
formulation through collaborative work.
Improving
information system development through open communication and teamwork.
Social factors in business communication.
Communication media for investment justification.
Performance measurement as an enabler to communicate cultural change
Communicating and learning as organisational constructs for 'success'.
Manuscripts
must be received by December 31, 1999.
Dr.
Zahir Irani Guest Editor in Chief, Dept. of IS and Computing, Brunel
University, UK
NTIA-Report
The
original announcement of this NTIA Report is from an Internet Newsletter
in German (http://www.intern.de/99/27/60.html). This announcement was translated
by Andreas Brellochs.
"The
rising use of communication technology has social effects.
On our way to the digital society it is of interest to keep an eye on the adaption rate of information and communication technology in different groups of the society.
In
the USA this problem is tracked by the National Telecommunications and
Information Administration (NTIA) which has recently published its third
report:
http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/digitaldivide/ ;
http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fttn99/contents.html ;
The report Falling Through the Net: Defining the Digital Divide outlines that there are more telephones, computers, and internet connections in the U.S. homes than ever before. But in the same time there is a growing gap between information "haves" and "have not's".
The figures are showing that factors like ethnical group affiliation, income, education, residential district, and family status of parents are factors determining the possibilities of an active participation in the "information society".
The essential points of the report are:
-
Households with an annual income over 75.000 $ has a 20 times higher probability (compared with the average) to be provided with internet access
-
In
households of white Americans internet connections are far more existant than in households with coloured Americans or Hispanics.
-
Independent of the household income, in urban areas there is more internet access than in rural areas.
-
Children with single parents own much more rarely internet access.
I feel it is quite problematic that the ethnical factor plays such an outstanding role. In families with higher incomes this gap seems to close more and more. But in lower income groups the gap has increased opposite to former results! In
househoulds with very low annual incomes ($15.000 to $35.000 Dollar) one can see this trend very drastically: 33 per cent of all "white" households own a personal computer. Of the afro-american households in this infome-group just 19 percent owned a personal computer. And this gap increased for 62 per cent in the last five years!
Does anybody know corresponding figures from studies in European countries?"
The
IMIS's column on Computer Ethics
Simon Rogerson's columns on Computer Ethics
Le Monde Diplomatique
Penser le XXI SIECLE
Manière
de voir 52 (juillet-août 2000)
INTRODUCTION
Pour changer le monde
Ignacio Ramonet
1. - QUELLE NOUVELLE SOCIÉTÉ ?
L'ambition discrète de la mondialisation, c'est la
destruction du collectif et l'appropriation par le marché et
le privé des sphères publique et sociale. Dans le but de
construire une société où l'individu sera enfin privatisé.
Et où s'épanouira l'hyperbourgeoisie naissante. Pour
contrecarrer un tel projet, un embryon de société civile
internationale se met en place.
Sortir
du libéralisme
Pierre
Bourdieu
Pour
un individu autonome
Cornelius
Castoriadis
Contre
le conformisme généralisé
Cornelius
Castoriadis
Une
nouvelle classe : l¹hyperbourgeoisie
Denis
Duclos
Culture
McWorld contre démocratie
Benjamin
R. Barber
Vers
une société de l¹incommunication ?
Eduardo
Galeano
2.- QUELLES NOUVELLES MENACES ?
Une grande privatisation de tout ce qui touche à la vie et à
la nature se prépare, favorisant l¹apparition d¹un pouvoir
probablement plus absolu que tout ce qu¹on a pu connaître
dans l¹histoire. Tandis que de nouveaux et séduisants
« opiums des masses » proposent une sorte de « meilleur
des
mondes », distraient les citoyens et tentent de les détourner
de l¹action civique.
La
planète mise à sac
Monique Chemillier-Gendreau
L¹autophagie,
grande obsession de la fin du siècle
Denis
Duclos
Discriminations
génétiques
Dorothée Benoit Browaeys et Jean-Claude Kaplan
La
fin de la vie privée
Paul
Virilio
Internet
et la domination des esprits
Lucien
Sfez
Le
spectre du « bioterrorisme »
Gilbert
Achcar
3.- QUELS NOUVEAUX DROITS ?
Après avoir obtenu les droits politiques, puis les droits
sociaux, les citoyens réclament une nouvelle génération
de
droits, cette fois collectifs : droit à la paix, droit à
une
économie solidaire, droit à une nature préservée,
droit
d¹accès aux biens communs de l¹humanité, droit
à
l¹information, droit au développement des peuples...
Garantir
les libertés individuelles
Pierre
Sané
Universalité
des droits humains
Monique
Chemillier-Gendreau
Le
savoir appartient à l¹humanité
Philippe
Quéau
Demain
l¹économie solidaire
Jean-Paul
Maréchal
Briser
la spirale de la dette
Eric
Toussaint
4.- QUELS NOUVEAUX ESPOIRS ?
Pour construire un futur différent, il est désormais
concevable de mieux associer la société civile naissante
aux
prochaines grandes négociations internationales où seront
discutés les problèmes liés à l¹environnement,
à la santé, à
la suprématie financière, au développement du Sud,
à
l¹humanitaire, à la diversité culturelle, aux manipulations
génétiques...
Pour
un mouvement social européen
Pierre
Bourdieu
Les
« dix commandements » de la préférence
citoyenne
Bernard
Cassen
La
racine du mal
Susan George
Finance
et silence
Noam Chomsky
Pour
une refondation des pratiques sociales
Félix
Guattari
COMPLÉMENTS
DOCUMENTAIRES
Sites
Internet
Olivier
Pironet
CONCLUSION
Malaise
dans la mondialisation
Marc
Ferro
Révolution
dans la communication
Manière
de voir 46 (juillet-août 1999)
INTRODUCTION
Internet
ou mourir
Ignacio
Ramonet
1.
LES GRANDS DÉFIS D'INTERNET
En propulsant la communication vers des rivages jamais
atteints, Internet a ouvert les portes du cybermonde. Au
sein de celui-ci, le travail, le commerce, l'économie et la
culture entrent dans une ère nouvelle. Celle de la
mondialisation. Qui pose, aussi bien aux Etats qu'aux
citoyens, des problèmes d'un nouveau type.
Stratégies pour le cybermonde
Joël de Rosnay
Bataille mondiale pour le contrôle des réseaux
Dan Schiller
Encyclopédies multimédias
Philippe Rivière
Nouveaux barbares de l'information en ligne
Marc Laimé
L'idéologie des nouvelles technologies
Lucien Sfez
La presse au défi d'Internet
Angelo Agostini
Journalisme en ligne
Bruno Giussani
2.
POUR LE MEILLEUR OU POUR LE PIRE ?
Les
prouesses des nouvelles technologies de la communication font naître
de modernes mythologies : croissance économique ininterrompue, démocratie
intégrale, progrès culturel général. Mais des
risques nouveaux apparaissent : concentrations industrielles géantes,
manipulations plus sophistiquées, surveillance totale.
Un journalisme de racolage
Serge Halimi
Journalistes à tout faire de la presse américaine
Eric Klinenberg
Machines à endoctriner
Noam Chomsky
Le règne de la délation optique
Paul Virilio
Le système Echelon
Philippe Rivière
La république des médias
Henri Madelin
OEil pour oeil, ou le krach des images
Paul Virilio
A quoi sert la communication ?
José Saramago
Internet et moi
Kenzaburô Ôé
3.
AMBITIONS PLANÉTAIRES
L'ère Internet coïncide avec l'hyperpuissance des
Etats-Unis. Et Washington peut être tenté de fixer, à
son
seul profit, les règles du jeu de l'ère électronique,
afin
de s'assurer, pour le siècle qui commence, la maîtrise des
réseaux planétaires.
Dangereux effets de la globalisation des réseaux
Armand Mattelart
Les termes inégaux des échanges électroniques
Philippe Quéau
Vers un oligopôle mondial
Pierre Musso
Citizen Murdoch, empereur des médias
Jean-Claude Sergeant
La communication, une affaire d'Etat pour
Washington
Herbert I. Schiller
4.
VERS UNE CULTURE D'UN NOUVEAU TYPE
Internet et la révolution numérique font naître une
nouvelle
culture. Avec des performances riches et exaltantes. Mais
qui, en raison de leur tentation globalisante, tendent à
mettre hors jeu ceux qui les critiquent au nom d'une société
civile internationale constituée de citoyens libres issus
des cultures les plus variées.
Culture McWorld contre démocratie
Benjamin R. Barber
L'individu privatisé
Cornelius Castoriadis
L'idéologie du client
Pierre Lazuly
Dernières astuces publicitaires
Marie Bénilde
Ces images qu'on manipule
Edgar Roskis
Le photojournalisme broyé par le « people »
André Rouillé
Sortir de la communication médiatisée
Dominique Wolton
Ces débats médiatiquement corrects
Serge Halimi
Adieu au rêve libertaire d'Internet ?
Bernard Cassen
CONCLUSION
Déclin
de la parole
Philippe Breton
COMPLÉMENT
DOCUMENTAIRE
Les
mots d'Internet
Philippe
Rivière
Vous
pouvez vous procurer « Manière de voir » en kiosque,
ou
en vous adressant à : Le
Monde diplomatique. Boutique
21
bis, rue Claude Bernard, 75242 Paris cedex 05 E-Mail
Prix
(port compris): 51 F (France)
56 F (Autres pays)
|
Books
Last update: May 5, 2001
Content
|
Richard A. Spinello, Herman T. Tavani, Eds.: Readings in Cyberethics.
Sudbury, MA 2001, 601 pages
www.jbpub.com
Contents
Chapter 1: The Internet, Ethical Values, and Conceptual Frameworks
Terrell Ward Bynum: Ethics and the Information Revolution
Deborah G. Johnson: Ethics On-Line
James H. Moor: Reason, Relativity, and Responsibility in Computer Ethics
Philip Brey: Disclosive Computer Ethics
Alison Adam: Gender and Computer Ethics
Deborah G. Johnson: Is the Global Information Infrastructure a Democratic Technology?
Frans A.J. Birrer: Applying Ethical and Moral Concepts and Theories to IT Contexts: Some Key Problems and Challenges
James H. Moor: Just Consequentialism and Computing
Chapter 2: Regulating the Net: Free Speech and Content Controls
L. Jean Camp, Y.T. Chien: The Internet as Public Space: Concepts, Issues, and Implications in Public Policy
Larry Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace:
David G. Post: Of Black Holes and Decentralized Law-Making in Cyberspace
ACLU: Fahrenheit 451.2: Is Cyberspace Burning?
Richard S. Rosenberg: Filtering the Internet in the USA: Free Speech Denied
Jacques N. Catudal: Censorship, the Internet, and the Child Pornography Law of 1996: A Critique
Paul Resnik, James Miller: PICS: Internet Access Controls Without Censorship
Richard A. Spinello: Internet Service Providers and Defamation: Neew Standards of Liability
Chapter 3: Intellectual Property in Cyberspace
Digital Millenium Copyright Act
Note on the DeCSS Trial
James Boyle: A Politics o Intellectual Property: Environmentalism For the Net?
Michael C. McFarland: Intellectual Property, Information, and the Common Good
Shelly Warawick: Is Copyright Ethical?
John W. Snapper: On the Web, Plagiarism Matter More Than Copyright Piracy:
Richard A. Spinello: An Ethical Evaluation of Web Site Linking:
Eric Raymond: The Cathedral and the Bazaar:
Chapter 4: Privacy in Cyberspace
James H. Moor: Towards a Theory of Privacy for the Information Age
Dag Elgesem: The Structure of Rights in Directive 95/46/EC on the Protection of Individuals With Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and the Free Movement of Such Data
Herman T. Tavani, James H. Moor: Privacy Protection, Control of Information, and Privacy-Enhancing Technologies
Helen Nissenbaum: Toward an Approach to Privacy in Public: Challenges of Information Technology
Anton H. Vedder: KDD, Privacy, Individuality, and Fairness
Joseph S. Fulda: Data Mining and Privacy
Lucas D. Introna: Workplace Surveillance, Privacy, and Distributive Justice
Jeroen van den Hoven: Privacy and the Varieties of Moral Wrongdoing
Chapter 5: Security and Cyberspace
Herman T. Tavani: Defining the Boundaries of Computer Crime: Piracy, Break-Ins, and Sabotage in Cyberspace
Mark Manion, Abby Goodrum: Terrorism or Civil Disobedience: Toward a Hacktivist Ethic
L. Jean Camp: Web Security and Privacy: An American Perspective
Helen Nissenbaum: The Meaning of Anonymity in an Information Age
Albert Vlug, Johan van der Lei: Double Encryption of Anonymized Electronic Data Interchange
Irma von der Ploeg: Written on the Body: Biometrics and Identity
Chapter 6: Professional Ethics and Codes of Conduct
Elizabeth A. Buchanan: Ethical Considerations for the Information Professions
Don Gotterbarn, Keith Miller, Simon Rogerson: Software Engineering Code of Ethics: Approved!
N. Ben Fairweather: No, PAPA: Why Incomplete Codes of Ethics Are Worse Than None at All!
David H. Gleason: Subsumption Ethics
Duncan Langfort: Ethical Issues in Business Computing
Frances S. Grodzinsky: The Practitioner From Within: Revisiting the Virtues
Appendix A: ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct
Appendix B: IEEE Code of Ethics
Adrian
Holderegger, Hrsg.: Kommunikations- und Medienethik. Interdisziplinäre
Perspektiven.
Freiburg i.Br.
1999, 347 pages
Contents
A.
Holderegger: Einleitung. Ethik der Mediengesellschaft
TEIL
1: Gesellschafts- und moralkritische Anfragen
W.
Lesch: Zeit-Zeichen nach der "Postmoderne". Zur diagnostischen Funktion
medienethischer Diskurse
B.
Debatin: Medienethik als Steuerungsinstrument? Zum Verhältnis von
individueller und kooperativer Verantwortung in der Massenkommunikation
G.
K. Mainberger: Inflationäre Ethik - geschwächtes Ethos. Rhetorik
und Kommunikationswissenschaft im Vergleich
S.
H. Pfürtner: Zum Ethos öffentlicher Kommunikation: Sozialphilosophische
und theologische Erwägungen zur Medienethik
S.
Bischof: Öffentliche Macht und ihre Grenzen. Hannah Arendts Begriff
des Öffentlichen Raumes.
D.
Mieth: Medien und Alltagskultur
Teil
2: Begründungstheoretische Skizzen
M.
Loretan: Grundriss einer Medienethik als Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns
U.
Saxer: Journalistische Ethik im elektronischen Zeitalter - eine Chimäre?
M.
Sandbothe: Pragmatische Medienphilosophie. Grundlagen und Anwendungshorizonte
im Zeitalter des Internet
A.
Holderegger: Die ethische Dimension der Medienwirklichkeit. Ansätze
zu einer Medienethik
R.
Funiok: Grundfragen einer Publikumsethik
K.
Wiegerling / R. Capurro: Ethik für Informationsspezialisten
Teil
3: Medienethische Praxis
A.
Bondolfi: Die Pflicht zur Wahrheitsaussage. Zum Ertrag klassischer theologisch-ethischer
Fragestellungen für die Medienethik
H.
Pöttker: Berufsethik für Journalisten? Professionelle Trennungsgrundsätze
auf dem Prüfstand
D.
Mieth: Der Beitrag der Kirchen zur öffentlichen Kommunikation. Theologische
Begründungsversuche
The
Information Age - Economy, Society and Culture
by Manuel
Castells. Oxford
(1986-1988), Vol. I: The Rise of the Network Society (1996), xvii + 556
pp. Vol.II: The Power of Identity (1997), xv + 461 pp. Vol.III: End of
Millennium (1998), xiv-418 pp.
The
following is an extract from a comprehensive book review of our colleague
and ICIE-Member J.C. Nyiri
who has set up a Virtual University. You can find the full-text of his
review here.
"Manuel
Castells' celebrated three-volume book The Information Age - Economy,
Society and Culture (...) is difficult to interpret. It is too long;
it often uses metaphors instead of providing clear-cut arguments; and the
author, a frustrated Marxist, seems most of the time reluctant to speak
in his own voice. (...) I will then concentrate on a single phrase of Castells
- "space of flows", his most famous phrase - and try to uncover its meaning
by tracing it, in a kind of backward narrative, to its first occurence
in his work, in the essay "Crisis, Planning, and the Quality of Life" written
in 1982. (...)
This
is the book (The Informational City, 1988, RC) in which Castells, for the
first and the last time, can actually bring himself to believe that the
new information technologies might have a politically liberating potential.
(...)
What
characterizes the Information Age, Castells in this book (The Information
Age, RC) again points out, "is not the centrality of knowledge and information,
but the application of such knowledge and information to knowledge generation
and information processing/communication devices, in a cumulative feedback
loop between innovation and the uses of innovation". (...)
The
idea of a network is, in The Information Age, significantly extended and
extensively discussed. Thus Castells introduces the concept of the network
enterprise; speaks, summarily, of the network society; refers to the network
of European regions; and coins the phrase we have referred already, that
of the network state. (...)
Castell's
analysis on nations and nationalisms constitute a major topic which was
absent in his earlier work. These analysis are decidedly non-Marxian. There
is a sentence towads the end of The Information Age, almost on the very
last page: "In the twentieth century, philosophers have been trying to
change the world. In the twenty-first century, it is time for them to interpet
it differently." This is, of course, an inversion of Marx's Eleventh Feuerbach
Thesis. A chilling inversion, that must have cost Castells many a sleeples
night; and, at the end of day, has resulted in making heavy, and often
superfluous, demands on his readers."
I
would like to add the following comment.
In
a dialogue with Richard Wisser in 1969 (published in: G. Neske, E. Kettering,
Eds.: Antwort. Martin Heidegger im Gespräch, Pfullingen 1988, pp.
21-28) Martin Heidegger cites Marx's Eleventh Feuerbach Thesis ("Die Philosophen
haben die Welt nur verschieden interpretiert; es kömmt darauf
an, sie zu verändern") and makes the following remark:
"Bei
der Zitation dieses Satzes und bei der Befolgung dieses Satzes
übersieht man, daß eine Weltveränderung eine Änderung
der Weltvorstellung voraussetzt und daß eine Weltvorstellung
nur dadurch zu gewinnen ist, daß man die Welt zureichend interpretiert.
Das
heißt: Marx fußt auf einer ganz bestimmten Weltinterpretation,
um seine "Veränderung" zu fordern, und dadurch erweist sich dieser
Satz als nicht fundierter Satz. Er erweckt den Eindruck, als sei er entschieden
gegen die Philosophie gesprochen, während im zweiten Teil des Satzes
gerade unausgesprochen die Forderung nach einer Philosophie vorausgesetzt
ist." (p. 22)
(My
translation: "When this sentence is being cited and followed one
overlooks that a world change presupposes a change of the world representation
and that a world representation can only be achieved through a sufficient
world interpretation.
This
means: Marx is basing on a very specific world interpretation in order
to claim for his "change" and consequently this sentence is without foundation.
It gives the impression as if it were definitely against philosophy but
at the same time the second part of the sentence presupposes in an implicit
manner the claim for a philosophy.")
La
tyrannie de la communication un
livre d'Ignacio
Ramonet
Editions Galilée.
Collection « L'espace critique ». 15x24, 208 pages,
138 F (1999)
Ignacio
Ramonet, directeur du Monde diplomatique (et également professeur
de théorie de la communication à l'université Denis-Diderot
(Paris-VII), vient de publier La Tyrannie de la communication.
Il
y est largement question du Monicagate, de l'affaire Diana, des médiamythes
de la guerre du Golfe, des mensonges de Timisoara, des bidonnages et des
trucages à la télévision, des dérapages des
journaux télévisés, des nouvelles censures, des manipulations
des esprits, et des égarements journalistiques contemporains.
"Chaque
jour, l'actualité nous rappelle combien le champ des médias
reste un terrain de manoeuvres privilégié pour des ambitions
bien contemporaines : Monicagate, affaire des rescapés de la Vanoise,
reportages « bidonnés » à la télévision,
vente annoncée de France-Soir, fête d'Internet, etc.
C'est
que l'ensemble des communications de masse sont aujourd'hui bouleversées
par deux phénomènes : les mutations technologiques (informatisation
galopante de tous les secteurs de l'activité, autoroutes de l'information,
révolution numérique) et les grandes opérations de
fusion et de concentration affectant toutes les industries liées
à la communication.
Ces
industries, naguère autonomes, sont aujourd'hui contraintes, en
raison des convergences exigées par le numérique (qui mêle
indistinctement le son, le texte et l'image), à rechercher des alliances
dans des secteurs voisins. Les industriels de la télévision
fusionnent avec ceux du téléphone ou avec ceux de l'informatique.
Et toutes les entreprises qui possèdent une culture du flux ou du
réseau, même si elles sont, apparemment, fort éloignées
de la communication (eau, électricité, autoroutes, chemin
de fer, etc.) ont vocation a occuper un espace dans ce champ. Cela explique
pourquoi Vivendi (ex-Générale des eaux) ou Bouygues, par
exemple, sont devenus, en peu de temps, deux des grands de la communication
en France.
Sur
un autre plan, la communication est devenue, insensiblement, l'un des paradigmes
de notre temps. Remplaçant silencieusement le paradigme du progrès.
Désormais, ce n'est plus le progrès (critiqué de toutes
parts) qui nous est proposé comme pacificateur de nos sociétés
et comme ferment de la cohésion sociale. C'est la communication
qui, en fait, a mission de pacifier, d'exclure la violence. A ce titre
la communication peut être considérée comme un véritable
« lubrifiant social ». Communiquer est désormais un
verbe intransitif. On ne communique pas quelque chose, un message par exemple.
On communique. Point.
C'est
ainsi que, peu à peu, la communication est devenue une idéologie.
Une idéologie qui nous oblige à communiquer. Qui nous contraint
à nous équiper, à nous entourer de machines à
communiquer chaque fois plus nombreuses et plus performantes : fax, magnétoscope,
ordinateur, courrier électronique, chaînes numériques,
téléphone portable, cédérom, jeux vidéo,
DVD, Internet... Des machines auxquelles tout le monde aspire désormais
parce qu'elles apparaissent comme les outils qui nous rendent libres, qui
seraient indispensables à l'accomplissement existentiel, à
la réalisation de soi, bref, au bonheur.
Pourtant,
alors que triomphent, apparemment, la démocratie et la liberté
dans une planète largement débarrassée des régimes
autoritaires, les censures et les manipulations, sous des aspects divers,
font un paradoxal retour en force.
De
nouveaux et séduisants « opiums des masses » proposent
une sorte de «
meilleur des mondes », distraient les citoyens et les détournent
de l'action civique.
Dans
ce nouvel âge de l'aliénation, à l'heure de la «
world culture », de la « culture globale », et des messages
planétaires, les technologies de la communication jouent, plus que
jamais, un rôle idéologique central. Information, communication
publicitaire et culture de masse se confondent, emploient la même
rhétorique, s'expriment en privilégiant la simplicité,
la rapidité et la drôlerie. Trois caractéristiques
qui infantilisent, le plus souvent, les citoyens.
Les
médias estiment qu'informer consiste maintenant à simplement
nous faire assister à l'événement. Qu'il suffit d'y
être pour savoir. Qu'il suffit de voir pour comprendre. Qu'il suffit
de répéter pour démontrer. Qu'il suffit d'émouvoir
pour convaincre. Or de telles pratiques conduisent souvent à la
désinformation. C'est pourquoi le nombre de mensonges (de Timisoara
à la guerre du Golfe, de la Bosnie au Rwanda) s'est tellement accru,
et les « bidonnages » multipliés.
Le
système médiatique considère que plus il se branche,
plus il se connecte, plus il exhibe les nouvelles technologies ultramodernes
et leurs prouesses, plus il sera crédible. C'est une erreur.
La
promesse du bonheur, à l'échelon de la famille, de l'école,
de l'entreprise ou de l'Etat, c'est effectivement la communication qui
la formule désormais. Plus on communique, nous dit-on, plus notre
société sera harmonieuse, et plus on sera heureux. D'où
cette prolifération sans bornes des instruments de communication,
dont Internet est l'aboutissement total, global et triomphal.
On
peut même se demander si la communication ne vient pas de dépasser
son état optimum, son point zénith, pour entrer dans une
phase où toutes ses qualités se transforment en défauts,
toutes ses vertus en vices. Car la nouvelle idéologie du tout-communication,
cet impérialisme communicationnel, exerce depuis quelque temps sur
les citoyens une authentique oppression.
Pendant
longtemps la communication a libéré, parce qu'elle signifiait
(depuis l'invention de l'écriture et celle de l'imprimerie) diffusion
du savoir, de la connaissance, des lois et des lumières de la raison
contre les superstitions et les obscurantismes de toutes sortes. Désormais,
elle est probablement devenue la grande superstition de notre temps. En
s'imposant comme obligation absolue, en inondant tous les aspects de la
vie sociale, politique, économique et culturelle, n'exerce-elle
pas une véritable tyrannie?"
En
voici le sommaire:
Messianisme
médiatique
L'ère
du soupçon
Presse,
pouvoirs et démocratie
Etre
journaliste aujourd'hui
Vers
la fin du journal télévisé ?
Télévision
nécrophile
Trois
médiamythes : Masque à gaz, Furtif, et Patriot
Nouveaux
empires
Pour
conclure : S'informer fatigue.
|
|
| |
| |
